The aim of this study is detennination of Average length of small bowel in patients who undelwent laparotomy in hfahan teaching hospitals, and its relation to sex and height of patients. Small bowel length was measured on antimesentenic side with umbilical tape without any tension from treitz ligament down tu ileocecal valve in alllaparotomizedpatients just afier opening of abdominal cavity and before any manipulation of bowel. The Average length of small bowel was 459.6 ± 78.4overally, 456.2 in males and 468.2 in females. There was not any statisticaland meaningful relationbetween length of small bowel, sex and height of patients. The maximum and ,ninimum length of small bowel was 620 and 285 respectively in tvo females. The Average length in our study is near to some recent studies and different with another studies and lesser than reference texl-books measures. Although this difference is not " unpredictable due to environmental factors, methods of measurement, and material of study (cadaver or alive patients).

Purpose: In Iran (as a resource base country), despite the acceptance of the need to diversify production activities, the planned industrial upgrade did not take place, and the lack of clear industrial strategy, especially in resource-oriented production chains, and the lack of chain attitudes to activities and an introspective viewpoint to the development of activities have sometimes prevented production chains from becoming intertwined. This is while the resource-based industrial development strategy suggests the resource-based countries to move towards the downstream of the chains and increase the economic scale by joining the regional and international value chains. Therefore, identifying the activities in a chain is very important because it gives the politician more power to analyse the situation and helps to make decisions. Also, since the input-output tables are used to analyse the economic structure, the APL method is used to understand the importance of production activities. The main goal of the current research is to examine the changes in the economic distance between economic activities and the structural changes of Iran's economy by using the Average Propagation length Method and the input-output tables of 1999, 2004, 2010 and 2016 (the last available table) of Central Bank. The purpose is to know the production chains and examine the changes of production activities with chain attitudes over time. Methodology: The economy is divided into several activities, and each activity buys products from and sells products to other activities. The output of an industry consists of inter-industrial deliveries to final demand categories like export, consumption and investments. The added value used in each activity also includes service compensation, net tax and mixed incomes, etc. In this research, first all the four input-output tables are calculated based on the constant prices of 2016. Because calculating APL index needs internal tables, imports were derived from the main tables, and internal tables were obtained. Finally by using Average Propagation length method, the production chains in terms of the upstream and downstream positions of the chains were identified.Findings and discussion: Based on the results, Table 1 can be analyzed in two ways, in rows and in columns. When they are analyzed in columns, the activities can be classified in terms of upstream and downstream, and structural changes can be visualized when they are analyzed in rows.The activities of planting crops, raising animals and forestry in agricultural chains are upstream activities and the rest of the activities of these chains, including the production of food and beverage, the production of textiles and clothing, the production of leather, wood, paper and furniture are downstream activities.In mining-oriented activities, the basic resource activities include crude oil and natural gas extraction, extraction of other mines and production of petroleum products are upstream activities. The production of chemical materials and products, production of basic metals and production non-metallic minerals are intermediate activities. The activities of producing rubber and plastic, production of fabric metal products, production of machinery and equipment, production of electrical equipment, production of vehicles, and production of computer-electronic and optical products are downstream activities.The development of production activities from 1999 to 2016 was more focused on mining. From 2004 to 2010, the inter-sectoral relations among production chains in Iran was weakened, and this weakness showed itself mostly in the downstream part of chains (rubber and plastic, electrical equipment and machinery and equipment). Since the activities of mining (oil and other mines), production of non-metallic minerals and production of petroleum products have short backward linkages and long forward linkages, they have always been the attention of politicians. On the other hand, due to longer backward links and shorter forward links of downstream activities like rubber and plastic, metal products, and machinery and equipment are generally not considered by policymakers for development. But in order to create more value added, increase employment and reduce the export of raw and semi-raw products, it is necessary to move towards the development of downstream activities on the production chains with the resource-based industrial development strategy. The results show that the production chains in agriculture and mining (oil and other mines) do not have strong connections within the chain, and three separate chains have been formed, which has resulted in the isolation of production chains.Conclusions and policy implications: From the strengthening and weakening of the links between different activities during the studied years, it can be concluded that the necessity of choosing the industrial development policy is clearly evident. Due to the limitation of capital, knowledge, etc. in Iran, the development of activities is of an unbalanced type of growth, and the policymaker should prioritize the development of chains towards the downstream side. Therefore, it is suggested that, while completing the missing links of the production chains towards the downstream activities, it is better to starts with the mining-oriented chains and then complete the agriculture-oriented chains.

In recent decades, in view of the widespread use of graph data in different applications, for instance in social networks, communications networks, etc. many researchers have investigated different anonymization approaches for such data. Although relational data anonymization is mature enough, graph data anonymization is a challenging and relatively new field of research. One of the most important anonymization models against identity disclosure risk in graph data addresses the number of links a node’ s neighbors have, in the graph. In this paper, an improved method is proposed that realizes this model using both edge addition and deletion to the original graph. The application of the method to a number of different real-world graphs confirms that the method can produce more useful graphs in terms of one of the most important characteristics in such data, i. e., the Average Path length in the graph and graph structure will undergo less change.

Background and Aim: Average length of stay (ALOS) is an indirect indicator of resource consumption and a measure of efficiency in hospitals. Therefore, managing the effective organizational aspects can provide opportunities for increasing revenues, reducing costs, improving patient clinical outcomes and quality of care, and increasing profitability. This study aimed to identify organizational factors affecting the ALOS. Methods: This was a systematic review using the PRISMA protocol to search literatures in international (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct) and national (SID, Magiran, and MedLib) databases. According to the PICOS strategy, all published papers were retrieved in English and Persian languages until October 2017 using different combinations of keywords such as length of stay, stay length, stay lengths, hospital stay، hospital stays, organizational factors and the Persian equivalent keywords. Final selected papers were critically appraised with the CASP and PRISMA checklist. Finally, factors affecting ALOS were presented in comparative tables. Results: A total of 127 publications were retrieved in the initial step. After screening, 12 full text publications were carefully reviewed. The most important organizational factors affecting the patient's ALOS were the ratio of nurse: patient, training of the physicians and nurses, the patient's discharge process, the presence of a physician in department, the number of para-clinical requests, inter-departmental coordination, time of the first treatment in the ward after admission, visit times, and admission days. These factors were categorized into four groups of process, service, organizational, and human resource factors. Conclusion: Process and management factors are considered the controllable variables of hospital management, therefore senior managers and decision makers in hospitals can focus on these factors to conduct policy interventions in order to improve productivity and the quality of services.

Currently, traffic congestion has become a serious problem in most developed cities. It is caused by an increasing number of vehicles and the delay on arterial roads resulting in negative consequences for air quality, travel time, and travel safety. To reduce the traffic volume and congestion, recent solutions offer optimization of operational characteristics including the total delay and Average queue length in urban intersections. Optimizing such characteristics is considered as the major breakthrough concept of applying artificial intelligence to transportation engineering. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop and apply the fuzzy controller to reduce the total delay and Average queue length in urban intersections. To this end, effective variables like the total delay and Average queue length were simulated using the fuzzy logic controller. Then, the results were graphically simulated for the experts. Furthermore, the total delay and Average queue length were compared employing the fixed-time control and fuzzy controller systems. The results indicated that in the fuzzy controller system rather than the fixed-time control system, the delay and Average queue length were remarkably optimized. Statistical tests also approved the efficiency of the fuzzy controller as an optimum controller system as compared to the fixed controller system. The findings of this study may help the traffic engineers and urban managers to control the traffic congestion issues based on predicting and optimizing the delay and queue length and increasing the road safety in urban intersections in the future.

Background: The third stage of labor has been described as the most dangerous stage. Concerning importance of the third stage, this study was performed to determine the length of this stage and its related factors.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1000 deliveries in shabihkhani Hospital, in Kashan, during 2005-2006. Gestational age >20 weeks, singleton pregnancy, and vaginal delivery without any instrument were the including criteria. Data were analyzed using χ2, OR and CI.Results: Mean and median of the third stage of labor were 6.03 and 5 minutes, respectively. There was significant association between the number of parturitions (p= 0.04), induction with oxytocin (p=0.002), analgesia during labor (pethedin) (p=0.008), and umbilical cord drainage for the third stage management (p<0.001). There was no significant association between history of abortion, gestational age, third stage management (oxytocin), fetal sex, and weight.Conclusion: Use of induction, and analgesics during labor and umbilical cord drainage increased the length of the third stage but multiparty decreased it. It is recommended to consider these factors for prediction and prevention of dangers of prolonged third stage of labor.

In this paper, the finitely many constraints of a fuzzy relation inequalities problem are studied and the linear objective function on the region defined by a fuzzy max-Average operator is optimized. A new simplification technique which accelerates the resolution of the problem by removing the components having no effect on the solution process is given together with an algorithm and a numerical example to illustrate the steps of the problem resolution process.